SOA Textbook Chapter in preparation
Torsion of the femur and tibia, as well as genu varum and genu valgum, are considered physiological variations of development that occur in normal infants and children. Infants commonly present with anteversion of the femur, medial tibial torsion and genu varum. With growth, the femoral anteversion decreases and the tibia rotates laterally. The genu varum gradually resolves and genu valgum develops. Abnormality of growth or disease can result in malalignment. Adequate management is based on an understanding of the cause and the natural history of the malalignment and the effectiveness of various treatments.